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Based on research carried out at the Academia Sinica over the past 30 years, this book explains the basic difference between the variable charge soils of tropical and subtropical regions, and the constant charge soils of temperate regions. It focuses on the chemical properties of the variable charge soils - properties which have important bearing on soil management practices - including maximizing soil productivity and negating soil pollution.

Variable charge soils. --- Soils, Variable charge --- Soils with variable charge --- Soils

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Magnetostatics, the mathematical theory that describes the forces and fields resulting from the steady flow of electrical currents, has a long history. By capturing the basic concepts, and building towards the computation of magnetic fields, this book is a self-contained discussion of the major subjects in magnetostatics. Overviews of Maxwell's equations, the Poisson equation, and boundary value problems pave the way for dealing with fields from transverse, axial and periodic magnetic arrangements and assemblies of permanent magnets. Examples from accelerator and beam physics give up-to-date context to the theory. Both complex contour integration and numerical techniques for calculating magnetic fields are discussed in detail with plentiful examples. Theoretical and practical information on carefully selected topics make this a one-stop reference for magnet designers, as well as for physics and electrical engineering undergraduate students. This title, first published in 2016, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

Magnetostatics. --- Electric charge and distribution --- Electromagnetism

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Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) are the state-of-the-art detector in many fields of observational science. Updated to include all of the latest developments in CCDs, this second edition of the Handbook of CCD Astronomy is a concise and accessible reference on all practical aspects of using CCDs. Starting with their electronic workings, it discusses their basic characteristics and then gives methods and examples of how to determine these values. While the book focuses on the use of CCDs in professional observational astronomy, advanced amateur astronomers, and researchers in physics, chemistry, medical imaging, and remote sensing will also find it very valuable. Tables of useful and hard-to-find data, key practical equations, and new exercises round off the book and ensure that it provides an ideal introduction to the practical use of CCDs for graduate students, and a handy reference for more experienced users.

Astronomy --- Charge coupled devices --- Dispositifs à couplage de charge --- Technique --- Charge coupled devices. --- Technique. --- Dispositifs à couplage de charge --- CCD (Electronics) --- Image converters --- Integrated circuits --- Signal processing --- Charge transfer devices (Electronics) --- Metal oxide semiconductors --- Equipment and supplies

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Die vorliegende Dissertation unternimmt aus zivilrechtlicher Perspektive einen Vergleich des Lastschriftverfahrens in Deutschland und Rumänien sowie in Europa. Auf der Basis dieses Rechtsvergleichs, aber auch anhand des europäischen Primärrechts werden die Entwicklungen auf EU-Ebene, so wie sie sich aufgrund der SEPA-Verordnung konturieren, bewertet. This dissertation attempts to compare direct debit transactions in Germany and Romania as well as Europe from the perspective of civil law. Based on this legal comparison and a consideration of European primary law, it evaluates developments at the EU level as they have been shaped by the SEPA Directive.

Credit cards --- Cards, Charge --- Cards, Credit --- Charge cards --- Consumer credit --- Point-of-sale systems industry --- Charge accounts --- Law and legislation --- Direct Debit Transactions.

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This book advances understanding of light-induced phase transitions and nonequilibrium orders that occur in a broken-symmetry system. Upon excitation with an intense laser pulse, materials can undergo a nonthermal transition through pathways different from those in equilibrium. The mechanism underlying these photoinduced phase transitions has long been researched, but many details in this ultrafast, non-adiabatic regime still remain to be clarified. The work in this book reveals new insights into this phenomena via investigation of photoinduced melting and recovery of charge density waves (CDWs). Using several time-resolved diffraction and spectroscopic techniques, the author shows that the light-induced melting of a CDW is characterized by dynamical slowing-down, while the restoration of the symmetry-breaking order features two distinct timescales: A fast recovery of the CDW amplitude is followed by a slower re-establishment of phase coherence, the latter of which is dictated by the presence of topological defects in the CDW. Furthermore, after the suppression of the original CDW by photoexcitation, a different, competing CDW transiently emerges, illustrating how a hidden order in equilibrium can be unleashed by a laser pulse. These insights into CDW systems may be carried over to other broken-symmetry states, such as superconductivity and magnetic ordering, bringing us one step closer towards manipulating phases of matter using a laser pulse.

Charge density waves. --- Phase transformations (Statistical physics) --- Broken symmetry (Physics)